Contingency and expectancy theories of motivation are highly complementary. These approaches to motivation support the idea that circumstances play a critical role in the process and that more than ...

Four different leadership styles or approaches to optimize desirable behavior and attitude vary as a function of the amount of direction and motivation needed. These distinctions connect directly to ...

One of the most difficult adjustments I had to make during my corporate career was abandoning a black-and-white mindset. Typically, I am a matter-of-fact individual who is methodical and logical in ...

Citations: Lansberg, Ivan. 1984. Hierarchy as a Mediator of Fairness: A Contingency Approach to Distributive Justice in Organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology. (14)124-135.