How does the F-35 Lightning II take off and land vertically and how does it differ from the Harrier?

The F-35 Lightning II isn't the first jet with hovering capabilities the military has used, but it does accomplish this ...
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F-35 showdown: Vertical takeoff vs catapult launch at sea

The F-35 Lightning II exists in multiple variants designed for very different missions, and nowhere are those differences more visible than during carrier operations at sea. While the United States ...