In this article, we explore how X-ray diffraction, also known as XRD, can be used to analyze thin films and the benefits of using this technique. Many materials are now processed in the form of thin ...

Diagram of an X-ray Reflectometry (XRR) setup: This schematic shows the arrangement of the X-ray tube, Gӧbel mirror, sample holder, and detector. The X-rays are emitted from the tube, shaped by slits ...

The major factors affecting the performance of crystalline thin films are the presence of grain boundaries and inherent crystal structure. Post-deposition annealing is frequently employed to improve ...

Thin film deposition is crucial across industries like semiconductors, photovoltaics, and optics, where achieving high-quality films hinges on effective surface preparation. Contaminants such as ...