Now that the fastest marathoner in history, Ruth Chepngetich, has been caught, is it time give up and let athletes dope? To be a sports fan in the modern era is to be at least somewhat numb to the ...

Performance enhancers, secret syringes, and shattered reputations—sports history has seen its fair share of scandal. When athletes cross the line in search of an edge, the fallout ripples across ...

In the 1990s, Lee Sweeney, a physiologist at the University of Pennsylvania, demonstrated that inserting the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) into the muscle cells of mice increased ...