During sterile injury or infection, the innate immune system produces cytokines as part of the innate immune response. Molecules such as the cytokines tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1 as well ...

Nerve cell bodies clustered outside the central nervous system (CNS) are called ganglia. These structures are fundamental to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), serving as relay stations and ...

Chemists at the National University of Singapore (NUS) have developed a methodology to enable coupling reactions for the ...

We often hear fascinating stories about how things originated: the universe, the wheel, even pizza. But when it comes to the ...

A new study challenges the idea that language stems from a single evolutionary root. Instead, it proposes that our ability to communicate evolved through the interaction of biology and culture, and ...

Indicator species are living organisms that tell us that something has changed or is going to change in their environment. They can be easily observed, and studying them is considered a cost-effective ...

We've all heard birds of a feather flock together, but what does it mean and where did the saying come from? Do bird species ...

The knee-jerk reflex, that sudden and involuntary extension of your lower leg when the area below your kneecap is tapped, ...

Billions of euros have been spent on recycling infrastructure in Greece. Dozens of information and awareness-raising campaigns have been carried out. The streets of Greek cities are full of bins ...